Culture independent analyses and wine fermentation: an overview of achievements 10 years after first application

Annals of Microbiology

Table 1 Primers for polymerase chain reaction coupled with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) used in wine fermentation ecology

Primers	Sequence (5′-3′)	Reference
Yeasts
NL1^a	GCCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAAG	Cocolin et al. 2000
LS2	ATTCCCAAACAACTCGACTC	Cocolin et al. 2000
U1*	GTGAAATTGTTGAAAGGGAA	Andorrà et al. 2008
U2	GACTCCTTGGTCCGTGTT	Andorrà et al. 2008
403f	GTGAAATTGTTGAAAGGGAA	Di Maro et al. 2007
662r^a	GACTCCTTGGTCCGTGTT	Di Maro et al. 2007
Specific differentiation of S. cerevisiae strains
Schaf^a	GTAGTGAGTGATACTCTT	Manzano et al. 2005
Schar	AGAACATGTTGCCTAGAC	Manzano et al. 2005
Bacteria
WBAC1^a	GTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGA	Lopez et al. 2003
WBAC2	CCCGGGAACGTATTCACCGCG	Lopez et al. 2003
rpoB1	ATTGACCACTTGGGTAACCGTCG	Renouf et al. 2006b
rpoB1o	ATCGATCACTTAGGCAATCGTCG
rpoB2^a	ACGATCACGGGTCAAACCACC

^aPrimers with an added 5′ GC clamp to improve separation of the PCR amplicons (5′-CGC CCG CCG CGC GCG CGG CGG GCG GGG CGG GGG CAC CGC GCG-3′)

ISSN: 1869-2044