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Table 3 Compositional changes during enzymatic hydrolysis of kinnow peel waste with the crude filtrate extract

From: Ethanol production from Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peels via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using crude enzyme produced by Aspergillus oryzae and the thermotolerant Pichia kudriavzevii strain

Time (h)

Cellulose (%)

Hemicellulose (%)

Ash (%)

Lignin (%)

pH

0

12.85 ± 0.41 a

4.36 ± 0.23 a

3.89 ± 0.20 a

2.50 ± 0.1 7 a

5.0

6

6.90 ± 0.37 b

2.77 ± 0.24 b

5.15 ± 0.34 b

2.76 ± 0.80 a

4.2

12

4.24 ± 0.28 c

1.70 ± 0.27 b

5.35 ± 0.19 b

2.95 ± 0.11 b

3.9

18

2.86 ± 0.20 d

0.89 ± 0.06 c

5.89 ± 0.18 c

3.25 ± 0.08 c

3.7

24

1.83 ± 0.09 e

0.88 ± 0.16 c

6.25 ± 0.19 c

4.02 ± 0.08 d

3.5

Least significant difference (p < 0.05)

0.57

0.38

0.41

0.69

 
  1. Data are given as the mean ± SD for n  = 3 trials. The SD for pH values was within 5% of the mean value
  2. Mean values followed by the same lowercase letter do not differ significantly.
  3. The calculations for constituents were made on the basis of the initial substrate concentration