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Table 2 Major volatile compounds (GC FID peak area × 106) and relative peak area in coconut water fermented by L. acidophilus L10 and L. casei L26 after 2 days of fermentation

From: Fermentation of coconut water by probiotic strains Lactobacillus acidophilus L10 and Lactobacillus casei L26

Volatile compounds

LRI

Day 0

L. acidophilus L10

L. casei L26

FFAPa

Referenceb

Peak area

RPA (%)

Peak area

RPA (%)

Peak area

RPA (%)

Acids

  Acetic acid

1427

1461c

10.30 ± 1.89 a

3.49

25.80 ± 2.25 b

5.33

20.30 ± 1.08 c

5.81

  Butyric acid

1594

1630c

3.41 ± 0.35 ab

1.16

3.54 ± 0.03 a

0.73

2.86 ± 0.16 b

0.82

  Pentanoic acid

1631

1698d

0.44 ± 0.11 ab

0.15

0.24 ± 0.04 a

0.05

0.55 ± 0.14 b

0.16

  (E)-2-Butenoic acid

1663

-

1.20 ± 0.21 a

0.41

0.00 ± 0.00 b

0.00

0.00 ± 0.00 b

0.00

  Hexanoic acid

1805

1847c

26.10 ± 3.01 a

8.84

25.00 ± 1.62 a

5.16

23.70 ± 0.34 a

6.78

  2-Ethylhexanoic acid

1908

-

0.73 ± 0.15 a

0.25

0.63 ± 0.05 a

0.13

0.55 ± 0.05 a

0.16

  Heptanoic acid

1918

1900d

0.91 ± 0.03 a

0.31

0.71 ± 0.01 b

0.15

0.74 ± 0.10 b

0.21

  Octanoic acid

2020

2061c

87.90 ± 18.90 a

29.78

111 ± 5.55 a

22.91

87.40 ± 6.51 a

25.01

  Nonanoic acid

2136

2169c

3.45 ± 0.70 a

1.17

3.22 ± 0.36 a

0.66

3.35 ± 0.47 a

0.96

  Decanoic acid

2243

2275c

9.97 ± 2.12 a

3.38

10.90 ± 0.59 a

2.25

0.00 ± 0.00 b

0.00

  Subtotal

  

144.41

48.92

181.04

37.37

139.45

39.90

Alcohols

  Ethanol

950

954c

127 ± 4.97 a

43.03

139 ± 20.80 a

28.69

123 ± 19.40 a

35.20

  1-Butanol

1139

1142d

1.88 ± 0.24 a

0.64

0.89 ± 0.16 b

0.18

0.00 ± 0.00 c

0.00

  Isoamyl alcohol

1201

1223c

4.53 ± 0.82 a

1.53

3.01 ± 0.36 a

0.62

3.16 ± 0.49 a

0.90

  3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol

1244

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

1.57 ± 0.05 b

0.32

4.80 ± 0.58 c

1.37

  2-Heptanol

1298

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

3.55 ± 0.29 b

0.73

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

  1-Hexanol

1331

1370e

2.92 ± 0.12 a

0.99

8.39 ± 1.38 b

1.73

6.70 ± 2.06 b

1.92

  2-Ethylhexanol

1466

1513e

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

1.43 ± 0.19 b

0.30

1.26 ± 0.18 b

0.36

  2-Nonanol

1494

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

20.50 ± 0.44 b

4.23

2.16 ± 0.37 c

0.62

  Linalool

1513

1544d

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

0.35 ± 0.04 b

0.10

  1-Octanol

1544

1586e

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

3.84 ± 0.32 b

0.79

6.99 ± 0.12 c

2.00

  Subtotal

  

136.33

46.19

182.18

37.61

148.42

42.47

Aldehydes

  Octanal

1256

1291d

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

1.24 ± 0.09 b

0.26

1.13 ± 0.24 b

0.32

  Benzaldehyde

1537

1538c

4.39 ± 0.22 a

1.49

6.29 ± 1.32 b

1.30

0.00 ± 0.00 c

0.00

  p-Tolualdehyde

1680

1666c

1.15 ± 0.16 a

0.39

3.12 ± 0.28 b

0.64

9.40 ± 0.42 c

2.69

  Ethylbenzaldehyde

1869

-

1.08 ± 0.20 a

0.37

1.34 ± 0.05 a

0.28

1.31 ± 0.17 a

0.37

  Subtotal

  

6.62

2.24

11.99

2.47

11.84

3.39

Esters

  Ethyl acetate

931

907c

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

3.89 ± 0.49 b

0.80

3.92 ± 0.03 b

1.12

  Ethyl hexanoate

1189

1217c

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

0.53 ± 0.07 b

0.11

0.65 ± 0.09 b

0.19

  Ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate

1325

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

3.32 ± 0.66 b

0.69

7.12 ± 0.73 c

2.04

  Ethyl octanoate

1387

1428c

0.44 ± 0.09 a

0.15

0.67 ± 0.03 b

0.14

0.74 ± 0.07 b

0.21

  Subtotal

  

0.44

0.15

8.41

1.74

12.43

3.56

Ketones and lactones

  2,3-Butanedione

979

959e

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

15.60 ± 1.86 b

3.22

15.80 ± 2.40 b

4.52

  2,3-Heptanedione

1123

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

1.75 ± 0.03 b

0.36

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

  2-Heptanone

1157

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

40.70 ± 0.61 b

8.40

4.51 ± 0.40 c

1.29

  4-Methyl-2-heptanone

1178

-

1.12 ± 0.11 a

0.38

1.02 ± 0.05 a

0.21

0.93 ± 0.09 a

0.27

  3-Hydroxy-2-butanone

1289

1308c

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

0.53 ± 0.09 a

0.11

3.21 ± 0.44 b

0.92

  2-Nonanone

1353

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

27.00 ± 1.78 b

5.57

2.18 ± 0.06 a

0.62

  2-Undecanone

1570

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

0.62 ± 0.05 b

0.13

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

  β-Damascenone

1790

1831c

0.32 ± 0.00 a

0.11

0.60 ± 0.14 b

0.12

0.37 ± 0.02 a

0.11

  δ-Octalactone

1985

2038e

0.38 ± 0.06 a

0.13

3.57 ± 0.44 b

0.74

1.65 ± 0.29 c

0.47

  δ-Decalactone

2208

2208e

0.53 ± 0.08 a

0.18

0.00 ± 0.00 b

0.00

3.54 ± 0.31 c

1.01

  δ-Dodecalactone

2438

-

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

3.55 ± 0.47 b

0.73

0.00 ± 0.00 a

0.00

  Subtotal

  

2.35

0.80

94.94

19.60

32.19

9.21

Phenols

  2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol

2277

2314c

5.02 ± 0.50 a

1.70

5.89 ± 0.37 a

1.22

5.15 ± 0.37 a

1.47

  Total

  

295.17

 

484.45

 

349.48

 
  1. GC, Gas chromatography; FID, flame ionisation detector; LRI, Linear retention indices; RPA, relative peak area
  2. Values followed by the same lowercase letters are not significantly different at the 95 % confidence level
  3. aExperimentally determined linear retention index on the DB-FFAP column, relative to C5–C40 hydrocarbons
  4. bLiterature reference for LRI value
  5. cLRI values reported in Lee et al. (2012)
  6. d LRI values reported in Goodner (2008)
  7. eLRI values reported in Prades et al. (2012)
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Annals of Microbiology

ISSN: 1869-2044

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