Table 3 Improvements in rice development with the biological nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake mechanisms and commercial products using diazotrophic bacteria
From: Agronomic and environmental aspects of diazotrophic bacteria in rice fields
Bacterial species | Mechanisms of plant benefit | Experimental conditions | Improvements | Reference | Bacteria strain, product name/Company |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anabaena spp., Aulosira spp., Gleotrichia spp., Nostoc spp., Tolypothrix spp. | Nutrient uptake | Pot | Increase of 103.5 and 110.3Â % in grain and straw yield, respectively | Bhuvaneshwari et al. 2012 | Â |
Anabaena iyengarii var. tenuis, Nostoc sp., Nostoc commune, Nostoc linckia | BNF | Field | Increase of 0.16 (t ha−1) in grain yield and 0.2 % in entire grain quality | Pereira et al. 2009 | |
Anabaena sphaerica, Aulosira fertilissima, Azospirillum sp., Cylindrospermum majus, Nostoc hatei, Pseudomonas spp., Westiellopsis prolifica | Fertilizer use efficiency | Field | Increase of 10–32 % in rice yield in traditonal varieties | Jha et al. 2013 | |
Anabaena variabilis, Azotobacter sp., Chlorella vulgaris | BNF | Laboratory | Increased seed germination and plant height | Zayadan et al. 2014 | Azotobacter sp., Agri Life/Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemical Ltd., Omega Ecotech Products Ltd. |
Azospirillum sp. | BNF, growth-promoting substances release and nutrient uptake | Field | Increased grain yield, plant height, panicle and root length, root dry weight and nutrient uptake | Islam et al. 2012a | Â |
Azospirillum brasilense | Nitrogen uptake | Field | Increased nitrogen content by 16 and 50 kg ha−1 and increased rice biomass | GarcÃa de Salamone et al. 2010 | |
Azospirillum amazonense | BNF | Greenhouse | Increased grain dry matter accumulation (7–11.6 %), panicle numbers (3–18.6 %) and nitrogen content (3.5–18.5 %) | Rodrigues et al. 2008 | |
Bacillus sp. | BNF, IAA, siderophore secretion | Greenhouse | Promoted rice root and shoot growth | Beneduzi et al. 2008 | Bacillus sp., Biopromoter-Phosphobacteria/ ManiDharma Biotech Pvt. |
Burkholderia vietnamiensis | Nutrient uptake | Pot/Field | Increased grain yield by 13–22 % | Trân Van et al. 2000 |  |
Burkholderia vietnamiensis, Herbaspirillum sp. | Phosphate solubilization and/or nitrogen use efficiency | Greenhouse | Increase rice grain yield from 33 to 47Â % in relation to uninoculated/ tricalcium phosphate fertilized plants | Estrada et al. 2013 | |
Enterobacter sp. | BNF and IAA secretion | Greenhouse | Increased plant dry weight, chlorophyll and protein content and root elongation | Keyeo et al. 2011 | |
Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Nitrogen uptake improvemnent | Field | Saved 43 kg of N fertilizer ha−1 together with increasing rice yield by 270 kg ha −1 | Cong et al. 2009 | Pseudomonas sp., Proradix/Sourcon Padena |
Rhizobium sp., Corynebacterium sp. | Root improvement and efficient nutrient uptake | Laboratory | Increase in rice biomass of between 32 and 36Â % vs. the uninoculated control | Naher et al. 2009 | Rhizobium sp., Biopromoter/ManiDharma Biotech Pvt..; Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Acetobacter and Azotobacter, Symbion-N/T.Stanes Company |
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii | Nitrogen uptake improvement | Field | Rice grain yield increased an average of 19.5Â % | Yanni and Dazzo 2010 | Â |