Soil and entomopathogenic fungi with potential for biodegradation of insecticides: degradation of flubendiamide in vivo by fungi and in vitro by laccase

Table 2 Growth inhibition of selected fungi isolated from soil and insect larva that were cultivated on PDA medium containing different concentrations of the commercial insecticide Actara®. Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 was used as a reference

Growth inhibition (%)*
Fungal isolates	Concentration of Actara® (g/L)
Fungal isolates	3	7	21	35
Neurospora sp. JUANT070	00.00 ± 0.00^cD	04.10 ± 1.03^cF	35.18 ± 1.03^bF	48.41 ± 0.61^aE
JUSOLTH039	01.34 ± 0.28^dD	20.57 ± 4.09^cD	61.70 ± 2.68^bD	72.31 ± 2.47^aD
JUSOLCL054	02.64 ± 1.40^dD	42.33 ± 0.53^cC	67.62 ± 2.31^bC	75.55 ± 2.47^aD
JUSOLCL043	02.91 ± 0.35^dD	17.06 ± 0.92^cE	61.24 ± 2.68^bD	85.71 ± 0.46^aD
Trichoderma koningiopsis JUSOLCL039	03.97 ± 3.97^dD	21.69 ± 1.40^cD	43.25 ± 3.99^bE	75.97 ± 3.37^aD
JUSOL003	03.57 ± 1.82^dD	35.18 ± 9.01^cC	80.42 ± 3.45^bB	92.73 ± 0.13^aA
JUSOL042	03.44 ± 3.44^cD	59.92 ± 0.83^bB	76.06 ± 3.95^aB	81.35 ± 1.05^aC
JUSOL028	07.54 ± 0.61^dC	38.36 ± 1.06^cC	69.58 ± 0.74^bC	82.67 ± 1.34^aC
JUANT001	09.13 ± 3.08^dC	25.92 ± 3.25^cD	67.32 ± 3.51^bC	77.28 ± 0.00^aC
JUSOLCL005	11.75 ± 5.02^cC	68.91 ± 1.72^bA	89.42 ± 1.13^aA	96.56 ± 0.58^aA
JUSOLTH034	18.94 ± 2.21^cB	22.98 ± 1.87^cD	80.64 ± 1.41^bB	90.20 ± 0.00^aB
JUSOLCL049	29.91 ± 1.01^cA	33.56 ± 3.33^cC	72.31 ± 4.04^bC	90.10 ± 1.36^aB
Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05	05.42 ± 1.72^dD	14.95 ± 2.18^cE	70.50 ± 1.84^bC	79.23 ± 0.93^aC

*Means ± SEM followed by the same letter do not differ statistically from one another, lower case in the row and upper case in the column, according to the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Growth inhibition was estimated from measurements of the colony radii (cm) of the growing fungal colonies on the agar plates compared with control cultures containing no insecticides

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