Table 1 Mean _ standard error values of the physical and chemical properties of the sunflower rhizosphere soils

Organic matter (OM) (%)

1.85 ± 0.1^a

1.81 ± 0.0^a,b

1.19 ± 0.0^b

1.27 ± 0.0^c

Nitrate (N-NO₃) (mg/kg)

11.54 ± 2.5^ab

9.3 ± 0.0^b,c

9.695 ± 0.3^b,c

13.14 ± 0.0^a

Ammonium (N-NH₄) (mg/kg)

9.875 ± 0.1^a

8.723 ± 0.1^b

6.255 ± 1.1^b,c

5.01 ± 0.0^c

pH (N/A)

6.92 ± 0.1^b

6.91 ± 0.0^b

6.94 ± 0.2^a

6.93 ± 0.0^a

Resistivity conductivity (ohm)

2365 ± 135.0^a

2120 ± 21.0^a

855 ± 85.0^b

890 ± 80.0^b

Phosphorus (P) (mg/kg)

23.095 ± 1.2^b

7.84 ± 3.1^c

6.315 ± 0.9^c

72.88 ± 2.3^a

Calcium (Ca) (mg/kg)

1752.5 ± 3.5^b

781 ± 1.5^b

1680 ± 250.0^a

659.5 ± 17.5^b

Magnesium (Mg) (mg/kg)

350 ± 7.0^a

145.5 ± 3.5^c

311 ± 12.0^b

148.5 ± 3.5^c

Potassium (K) (mg/kg)

230 ± 7.0^a

183 ± 1.0^b,c

228 ± 18.0^a,b

179.5 ± 2.5^c

Sodium (Na) (mg/kg)

72.85 ± 2.4^a

69.25 ± 3.3^a,b

7.52 ± 0.18^b

73.85 ± 0.9^a

Total carbon (%)

0.685 ± 0.0^a

0.6 ± 0.0^a,b

0.5975 ± 0.0^b

0.589 ± 0.1^b

Total nitrogen (%)

0.057 ± 0.0^a

0.055 ± 0.0^b

0.056 ± 0.0^b

0.0535 ± 0.0^b

Sand (%)

85 ± 1.0^a

87 ± 0.0^b

76 ± 2.0^b

77 ± 1.0^b

Silt (%)

5 ± 0.0^a

4 ± 1.0^a

3 ± 1.0^a

2 ± 0.0^a

Clay (%)

20 ± 1.0^a

19 ± 1.0^a

21 ± 1.0^a

21 ± 1.0^a