Fig. 3

Mantel test and the variance partitioning analysis (VPA) between microbial community and geographic/edaphic variables factors. Mantel test between the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of a bacterial, b fungal, and c protistan communities and geographic/edaphic variables factors. The geographic distance was calculated by Euclidean distance. Heatmaps show the Pearson correlation between environmental variables, and different colored lines show the P-values Mantel correlation, which were corrected for nonindependence of pairwise comparisons using a permutation test. Variation partitioning analysis based on CCA illustrating the effects of geographic/edaphic variables factors on the bacterial (d), fungal (e), and protistan (f) communities in tobacco soils. The environmental stress group consisted of pH, the soil nutrients group consisted of SOM, TOC, TN, TP, TK, AP, AK, NO₃⁻-N, and NH4⁺-N, and the geographic spatial group consisted of altitude, latitude, and longitude