Fig. 1
Schematic overview of the AnaRAMOS setup and measurement principle. Based on Miebach et al. 2023. A Gas supply with mass flow controllers (MFC) and capillaries for even gas distribution to all eight flasks. B Temperature-controlled shaker containing eight shake flasks. C Measurement loop of one shake flask with in- and outlet valve, piezo-membrane gas pump, carbon dioxide sensor, and pressure sensor. D Gas transfer rate measurement principle based on cyclically repeated phases. Dotted lines and Roman numerals (I to III) represent phase changes. Phase I: 20 min measurement phase with closed valves, leading to gas accumulation and concentration increase in the headspace. Phase II: Valves open. 2.38 min high flow phase with increased gas flow (22.5 mL min−1) of the cultivation gas through the headspace. Phase III: 40 min low flow phase with low gas flow (10 mL min−1) in the flask headspace with cultivation gas