Fig. 2

Cultivation of P. vulgatus with online data and offline sampling in shake flasks. Online and offline profiles of a P. vulgatus cultivation in duplicates, Medium = DMMG, c_Glucose = 6 g L⁻¹, c_buffer = 50 mM MOPS, T = 37 °C, n = 100 rpm, V_L = 50 mL, initial OD = 0.3, initial pH after inoculation = 7.23, vvm = 0.2 min.⁻¹, gas mix = 1% CO₂ and 99% N₂. a Total gas transfer rate (TGTR) and b carbon dioxide transfer rate (CTR), shadows indicate maximum and minimum values of duplicates (error bars). Offline data was obtained from the fermentation. c OD_600nm, pH, osmolality, and total organic acids as mean values of biological duplicates. d Molar carbon balance in % of initial total carbon, calculated with Eqs. 3–5