Fig. 1

Propagation dynamics of W. anomalus isolate HCJ2F-19 under (a) 8 ^obrix, (b) 10 ^obrix, and (c) 12 ^obrix at pH 4.6, temperature 30 °C, DAP concentration 2 g.L⁻¹, and molasses concentration 30 ^obrix (w.v⁻¹) (conditions taken from the literature). Under the third propagation phase (12 ^obrix), a viable yeast cell density of 3.5 × 10⁸ cells.mL⁻¹ was recorded at a final pH of 4.5 after 24 h of incubation